Duodenal lymphangiomas: endoscopic ultrasound features.

The increasing number of endoscopic explorations help recognize rare lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as lymphangiomas, rare benign vascular tumours in adults. Patients with lymphangioma are generally asymptomatic but if complications arise, the approach is endoscopic or surgical. Endoscopic ultrasound aids in distinguishing this tumour from other subepithelial lesions. We present the case of a patient who underwent upper endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound with findings of two duodenal lymphangiomas.

Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Leaks and Perforations: Analysis From a Multicenter Spanish Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is a novel technique for closing upper gastrointestinal (UGI) defects. Available literature includes single-center retrospective cohort studies with small sample sizes. Furthermore, evidence about factors associated with EVT failure is scarce. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of EVT for the resolution of UGI defects in a multicenter study and to investigate the factors associated with EVT failure and in-hospital mortality. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in which consecutive EVT procedures for the treatment of UGI defects from 19 Spanish hospitals were recorded in the national registry between November 2018 and March 2022. RESULTS: We included 102 patients: 89 with anastomotic leaks and 13 with perforations. Closure of the defect was achieved in 84 cases (82%). A total of 6 patients (5.9%) had adverse events related to the EVT. The in-hospital mortality rate was 12.7%. A total of 6 patients (5.9%) died because of EVT failure and 1 case (0.9%) due to a fatal adverse event. Time from diagnosis of the defect to initiation of EVT was the only independent predictor for EVT failure (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.05, P = 0.005). EVT failure (OR 24.5, 95% CI 4.5-133, P = 0.001) and development of pneumonia after EVT (OR 246.97, 95% CI 11.15-5,472.58, P = 0.0001) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. DISCUSSION: EVT is safe and effective in cases of anastomotic leak and perforations of the upper digestive tract. The early use of EVT improves the efficacy of this technique.

Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Can they be successfully combined? / Ecografía endoscópica y colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: Es posible combinarlas con éxito?

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have much in common, including their main indications (biliopancreatic disorders), powerful therapeutic capacities and a steep learning curve. Over the years they have evolved from novel diagnostic procedures to interventional therapeutic techniques, but along different paths (different scopes or devices and endoscopists specializing exclusively in one or the other technique). However, EUS has gradually developed into a therapeutic technique that requires skills in the use of ERCP devices and stents, leading some ERCP specialists to explore the therapeutic potential of EUS. The corresponding literature, which has grown exponentially, includes recent experiments on combining the two techniques, which have gradually come to be used in routine care in a number of centers, with positive technical, clinical and financial outcomes. We review EUS and ERCP as individual or combined procedures for managing biliopancreatic disorders

La ecografía endoscópica (EE) y la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) comparten muchascosas, tales como sus indicaciones principales (las enfermedades biliopancreáticas) y potentes capacidades terapéuticas, y una empinada curva de aprendizaje. Con el paso del tiempo, estos procedimientos diagnósticos novedosos han evolucionado por diferentes vías (distintos ámbitos o dispositivos y endoscopistas especializados exclusivamente en una u otra técnica), hasta convertirse en técnicas terapéuticas intervencionistas. Sin embargo, de manera gradual, la EE ha llegado a ser una técnica terapéutica que requiere habilidades en el manejo de los instrumentos y stents que se emplean en la CPRE, lo que ha conducido a algunos especialistas en CPRE a explorar el potencial terapéutico de la EE. Las publicaciones relativas a este tema, que han crecido de forma exponencial, incluyen experimentos recientes de combinación de estas técnicas, que diversos centros han introducido progresivamente en sus protocolos de atención rutinaria, con resultados técnicos, clínicos y económicos positivos. Hemos revisado la EE y la CPRE como procedimientos individuales o combinados en el tratamiento de enfermedades biliopancreáticas

Evaluation of the short- and long-term effectiveness and safety of fully covered self-expandable metal stents for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: results of a Spanish nationwide registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Initial reports suggest that fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMSs) may be better suited for drainage of dense pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs), such as walled-off pancreatic necrosis. The primary aim was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of FCSEMSs for drainage of different types of PFCs in a large cohort. The secondary aim was to investigate which type of FCSEMS is superior. METHODS: This was a retrospective, noncomparative review of a nationwide database involving all hospitals in Spain performing EUS-guided PFC drainage. From April 2008 to August 2013, all patients undergoing PFC drainage with an FCSEMS were included in a database. The main outcome measurements were technical success, short-term (2 weeks) and long-term (6 months) effectiveness, adverse events, and need for surgery. RESULTS: The study included 211 patients (pseudocyst/walled-off pancreatic necrosis, 53%/47%). The FCSEMSs used were straight biliary (66%) or lumen-apposing (34%). Technical success was achieved in 97% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 93%-99%). Short-term- and long-term clinical success was obtained in 94% (95% CI, 89%-97%) and 85% (95% CI, 79%-89%) of patients, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 21% of patients (95% CI, 16%-27%): infection (11%), bleeding (7%), and stent migration and/or perforation (3%). By multivariate analysis, patient age (>58 years) and previous failed drainage were the most important factors associated with negative outcome. CONCLUSIONS: An FCSEMS is effective and safe for PFC drainage. Older patients with a history of unsuccessful drainage are more likely to fail EUS-guided drainage. The type of FCSEMS does not seem to influence patient outcome.

Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Can they be successfully combined?

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have much in common, including their main indications (biliopancreatic disorders), powerful therapeutic capacities and a steep learning curve. Over the years they have evolved from novel diagnostic procedures to interventional therapeutic techniques, but along different paths (different scopes or devices and endoscopists specializing exclusively in one or the other technique). However, EUS has gradually developed into a therapeutic technique that requires skills in the use of ERCP devices and stents, leading some ERCP specialists to explore the therapeutic potential of EUS. The corresponding literature, which has grown exponentially, includes recent experiments on combining the two techniques, which have gradually come to be used in routine care in a number of centers, with positive technical, clinical and financial outcomes. We review EUS and ERCP as individual or combined procedures for managing biliopancreatic disorders.

Significado del líquido libre perigástrico identificado por ecoendoscopia en pacientes con cáncer gástrico / No disponible

Objetivos: Determinar el valor diagnóstico del líquido libre perigástrico identificado por ecoendoscopia en pacientes con cáncer gástirico y establecer los factores relacionados con la presencia de carcinomatosis peritoneal en estos pacientes. Material y métodos Se incluyeron de modo retrospectivo 100 pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de adenocarcinoma gástrico enviados para la realización de ecoendoscopia. Se consideró como resultado positivo la identificación por ecoendoscopia de líquido libre perigástrico. Se comparó este resultado con el estudio final basado en la laparoscopia-laparotomía exploradora. Se compararon las características histológicas y endoscópicas con respecto al resultado final. Resultados En 21 pacientes (21%) se identificó la presencia de líquido libre perigástrico, en 15 de los cuales (71%) se confirmó la existencia de carcinomatosis peritoneal mediante laparoscopia (12 casos) o punción-aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) guiada por ecoendoscopia (3 casos). En 7 de los 79 pacientes (8%) en los que no se observó la presencia de ascitis se identificaron implantes peritoneales en la laparoscopia-laparotomía exploradora. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y exactitud diagnóstica del líquido libre para el diagnóstico de carcinomatosis fueron del 68, 92, 71, 91 y 87%, respectivamente. No se identificaron factores histológicos o endoscópicos relacionados con la naturaleza maligna del líquido observado por ecoendoscopia. Conclusión En pacientes con cáncer gástrico, el líquido libre perigástrico identificado por ecoendoscopia es un importante factor predictivo de carcinomatosis peritoneal y puede tener importantes implicaciones en el manejo de estos pacientes (AU)

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic value of free perigastric fluid identified by echoendoscopy in patients with gastric cancer and to establish the factors related to the presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis in these patients. Material and methods: We retrospectively included 100 patients with a histological diagnosisof gastric adenocarcinoma referred for echoendoscopy. A positive result was defined as the echoendoscopic identification of free perigastric fluid. This result was compared with the final study based on exploratory laparoscopy-laparotomy. The histological and endoscopic characteristics were compared with the final result. Results: Free perigastric fluid was found in 21 patients (21%). Among these, 15 (71%) showed peritoneal carcinomatosis, confirmed by laparoscopy (12 patients) or echoendoscopy-guidedfine-needle-aspiration biopsy (three patients). In seven of the 79 patients (8%) not showing the presence of ascites, peritoneal implants were identified by exploratory laparoscopy-laparotomy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of free fluid in the diagnosis of carcinomatosis was 68%, 92%, 71%, 91% and 87%, respectively. No histologicor endoscopic factors related to the malignancy of echoendoscopically-detected fluid wereidentified. Conclusion: In patients with gastric cancer, free perigastric fluid identified by echoendoscopyis an important predictive factor of peritoneal carcinomatosis and may have significant implications in the management of these patients (AU)

Initial experience with EUS-guided cholangiopancreatography for biliary and pancreatic duct drainage: a Spanish national survey.

BACKGROUND: EUS-guided cholangiopancreatography (ESCP) allows transmural access to biliopancreatic ducts when ERCP fails. Data regarding technical details, safety, and outcomes of ESCP are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes of ESCP in community and referral centers at the initial development phase of this procedure, to identify the ESCP stages with higher risk of failure, and to evaluate the influence on outcomes of factors related to the endoscopist. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective study. SETTING: Public health system hospitals with experience in ESCP in Spain. PATIENTS: A total of 125 patients underwent ESCP in 19 hospitals, with an experience of <20 procedures. INTERVENTION: ESCP. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Technical success and complication rates in the initial phase of implantation of ESCP are described. The influence of technical characteristics and endoscopist features on outcomes was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients from 19 hospitals were included. Biliary ESCP was performed in 106 patients and pancreatic ESCP was performed in 19. Technical success was achieved in 84 patients (67.2%) followed by clinical success in 79 (63.2%). Complications occurred in 29 patients (23.2%). Unsuccessful manipulation of the guidewire was responsible for 68.2% of technical failures, and 58.6% of complications were related to problems with the transmural fistula. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study. CONCLUSION: Outcomes of ESCP during its implantation stage reached a technical success rate of 67.2%, with a complication rate of 23.2%. Intraductal manipulation of the guidewire seems to be the most difficult stage of the procedure.

[Significance of free perigastric fluid detected by echoendoscopy in patients with gastric cancer]. / Significado del líquido libre perigástrico identificado por ecoendoscopia en pacientes con cáncer gástrico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic value of free perigastric fluid identified by echoendoscopy in patients with gastric cancer and to establish the factors related to the presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively included 100 patients with a histological diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma referred for echoendoscopy. A positive result was defined as the echoendoscopic identification of free perigastric fluid. This result was compared with the final study based on exploratory laparoscopy-laparotomy. The histological and endoscopic characteristics were compared with the final result. RESULTS: Free perigastric fluid was found in 21 patients (21%). Among these, 15 (71%) showed peritoneal carcinomatosis, confirmed by laparoscopy (12 patients) or echoendoscopy-guided fine-needle-aspiration biopsy (three patients). In seven of the 79 patients (8%) not showing the presence of ascites, peritoneal implants were identified by exploratory laparoscopy-laparotomy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of free fluid in the diagnosis of carcinomatosis was 68%, 92%, 71%, 91% and 87%, respectively. No histologic or endoscopic factors related to the malignancy of echoendoscopically-detected fluid were identified. CONCLUSION: In patients with gastric cancer, free perigastric fluid identified by echoendoscopy is an important predictive factor of peritoneal carcinomatosis and may have significant implications in the management of these patients.

Hallazgos endoscópicos y ecoendoscópicos en la linitis plástica rectal secundaria / Endoscopic and echoendoscopic findings in secondary linitis plastica of the rectum

La linitis plástica rectal es una infiltración tumoral intraparietal, subepitelial y circunferencial de la pared del recto que condiciona engrosamiento parietal y estenosis de la luz. Con frecuencia existe demora entre la aparición de los síntomas y el diagnóstico debido a que la linitis rectal simula un gran número de enfermedades y los hallazgos endoscópicos y las biopsias convencionales no son concluyentes, pues la mucosa en superficie suele no estar afectada. Presentamos los hallazgos endoscópicos y ecoendoscópicos de 2 pacientes con linitis rectal secundaria (AU)

Linitis plastica of the rectum consists of intraparietal, subepithelial and circumferential tumoral infiltration of the wall of the rectum leading to a constricted rectum with mural thickening. There is often a delay between symptom onset and diagnosis because this entity mimics a large number of diseases and the findings of endoscopy and conventional biopsies are non-conclusive since the surface mucosa is not usually affected. We present the endoscopic and echoendoscopic findings of two patients with secondary linitis plastica of the rectum (AU)

[Endoscopic and echoendoscopic findings in secondary linitis plastica of the rectum]. / Hallazgos endoscópicos y ecoendoscópicos en la linitis plástica rectal secundaria.

Linitis plastica of the rectum consists of intraparietal, subepithelial and circumferential tumoral infiltration of the wall of the rectum leading to a constricted rectum with mural thickening. There is often a delay between symptom onset and diagnosis because this entity mimics a large number of diseases and the findings of endoscopy and conventional biopsies are non-conclusive since the surface mucosa is not usually affected. We present the endoscopic and echoendoscopic findings of two patients with secondary linitis plastica of the rectum.

[Contribution of endoscopic ultrasound to the diagnosis of pancreatic metastases from renal carcinoma. Apropos of two cases]. / Aportación de la ecoendoscopia al diagnóstico de las metástasis pancreáticas del carcinoma renal: a propósito de dos casos.

Pancreatic metastases represent 2% of pancreatic tumors. The neoplasms most frequently metastasizing to the pancreas are breast, lung, melanoma and kidney tumors. We present the cases of two patients with pancreatic metastases from renal carcinoma diagnosed 4 and 8 years after the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the primary renal tumor. In both patients, endoscopic ultrasound was useful in the detection and characterization of these pancreatic lesions and allowed fine-needle aspiration for cytological study to be performed.

Splenic focal lesions as manifestation of sarcoidosis: Characterization with contrast-enhanced sonography.

We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with elevated liver enzyme levels in whom abdominal sonographic examination revealed a diffusely heterogeneous liver parenchyma and multiple hypoechoic subcentimetric splenic nodules. Contrast-enhanced sonography (CEUS) revealed that the splenic focal lesions did not enhance. CT examination revealed a low-density, multinodular pattern both in the liver and in the spleen. Core biopsy of 1 hepatic nodule revealed noncaseating epithelioid cell granuloma, and the patient was diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis. CEUS has shown to be useful in the diagnosis of focal hepatic lesions, but studies referring to splenic lesions are lacking.

Aportación de la ecoendoscopia al diagnóstico de las metástasis pancreáticas del carcinoma renal: a propósito de dos casos / Contribution of endoscopic ultrasound to the diagnosis of pancreatic metastases from renal carcinoma. Apropos of two cases

Las metástasis pancreáticas representan el 2% de los tumores pancreáticos. Las neoplasias que con más frecuencia metastatizan en el páncreas son: mama, pulmón, melanoma y riñón. Presentamos los casos clínicos de 2 pacientes con metástasis pancreáticas de carcinoma renal detectadas a los 4 y 8 años del diagnóstico e intervención quirúrgica del tumor primario renal. En ambos casos la ecoendoscopia resultó ser una técnica útil en la detección y la caracterización de estas lesiones pancreáticas, y permitió la realización de una punción para el estudio citológico

Pancreatic metastases represent 2% of pancreatic tumors. The neoplasms most frequently metastasizing to the pancreas are breast, lung, melanoma and kidney tumors. We present the cases of two patients with pancreatic metastases from renal carcinoma diagnosed 4 and 8 years after the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the primary renal tumor. In both patients, endoscopic ultrasound was useful in the detection and characterization of these pancreatic lesions and allowed fine-needle aspiration for cytological study to be performed

[Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall. An underdiagnosed complication in aberrant pancreas]. / Distrofia quística de la pared duodenal. Una complicación infradiagnosticada del páncreas aberrante.

Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall is an uncommon complication of aberrant pancreas characterized by increased duodenal wall thickness associated with intraparietal cystic lesions. We present the case of a male patient with cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall, which posed major diagnostic problems due to the difficulty of distinguishing this entity from tumors of the head of the pancreas. Echoendoscopy was useful in establishing the definitive diagnosis, allowing puncture-evacuation of the intracystic contents with resolution of obstructive symptoms.

Distrofia quística de la pared duodenal. Una complicación infradiagnosticada del páncreas aberrante / Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall. An underdiagnosed complication in aberrant pancreas

La distrofia quística duodenal es una rara complicación del páncreas aberrante, caracterizada por el aumento del grosor de la pared duodenal, asociado a la presencia de lesiones quísticas intraparietales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con distrofia quística de la pared duodenal, ingresado por clínica relacionada con obstrucción duodenal, en el que se plantearon grandes problemas diagnósticos por la dificultad distinguirla de los tumores en la cabeza pancreática. La ecoendoscopia resultó de gran utilidad para establecer un diagnóstico definitivo, permitió la punción-evacuación del contenido intraquístico y así resolver el cuadro obstructivo

Cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall is an uncommon complication of aberrant pancreas characterized by increased duodenal wall thickness associated with intraparietal cystic lesions. We present the case of a male patient with cystic dystrophy of the duodenal wall, which posed major diagnostic problems due to the difficulty of distinguishing this entity from tumors of the head of the pancreas. Echoendoscopy was useful in establishing the definitive diagnosis, allowing puncture-evacuation of the intracystic contents with resolution of obstructive symptoms